Technology tradition of charcoal by Yamamura migration of urban residents
- Wakayama Prefecture, central mountain village of case - Shino original heavy law I Introduction Currently, the rural fishing village in Japan suffer from the aging of the population decline and population, depopulation problem in depth is the time. However, on the other hand it has also increased interest in the rural areas of urban residents we can say. According to the 2004 agriculture and forestry white paper, many consumers are evaluating the safety and quality of domestic agricultural products, it is pointed out that there are many voices to want to buy even more expensive than imported goods. Able to expand the sales strategy, such as to further enhance the consumer interest in domestic products, we have the need for the activation of the future of agriculture 1. ) author of academic life, begin to fieldwork 2) of the pre-modern manufacturing charcoal form of Shoko system that was seen under the 1962 work school. The Shoko system, poor manufacturing charcoal who slavery in coal wholesaler is a master is to Iriyama vast national forests was Haraisage to coal wholesaler, it is made of charcoal form want to wage grilled charcoal. Although Seisumi work is Itonama through almost a year, in the meantime of life food and daily commodities required is advance loan in kind from the master. Its getting an advance product fee Bon and cough humps but is liquidated Secchi baked minute (grilled fare), Nakaniwa it is a lot of getting an advance goods bill, the next time you Iriyama in national forests was Haraisage to master, mountain from the mountain 3) Moi bright sunset only person to Seisumi breadwinner while moving to. Made Sumi-gyo of Shikoku southwest region, since it was confirmed that the technically have been propagated from the mountain village of Shikoku southeast region, and go on a survey of manufacturing Sumi-gyo of Shikoku southeast region. Preparation of charcoal that has developed there than was found to have been propagated from 1912 Wakayama Prefecture, in the early of 1965, we went to Akizugawa district survey of Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture. Akitsu 424 Matsuyama University Journal 17 Volume No. 2 process technology of charcoal of the river district, but were those very excellence, institutions bequeathed from the past 4) of Shoko system, which was dependent on firewood charcoal quotient was seen there. Author of the study from around 2000, Agriculture, Forestry and direct sales and Rural research 5 Ken activation of seafood), but to migrate to 9) in, and Akizugawa of Tanabe, Wakayama Prefecture in 2003, 2004, contact next to there to Minabegawa village, and go to plum cultivation and sale and activation of the mountain village survey, there migrants from the city, and many witnessed the appearance that working hard in the production of charcoal, the production of traditional charcoal in that it is continued by manufacturing charcoal who have emigrated, was remembered commissioned academic Xing taste. In such traditional crafts of production, by the apprenticeship system, is that the technology is transferred to the new entrants, but 1,0) A number of studies found, in 11) rural areas, such cases Research was carried out in the limited information, but does not hear much. The purpose of this paper was grass, traditional production technology in still poor rural of case studies, by immigrants from the city, located in the elucidation of how they are handed down. Ⅱ Wakayama Prefecture of measures on mountain village settled Wakayama Prefecture Ru Oh a typical province are working enthusiastically to the rural settlement of urban residents. Is in the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Department has settled Development Division, employment counseling and life experience training 1, 2) agriculture and forestry complex management support for the settlement 1,3) and doing business, such as providing information of local specialty products. In Wakayama Prefecture settled Development Division, but have issued a booklet called Wakayama Prefecture UJI turn manual, Table 1, from this booklet, the work of charcoal by migrants of urban residents for the thriving four municipalities of surgery lore, the and it shows the original settlement measures. Mina base side this was due and Minabegawa village and Tanabe, such as the many Kishu charcoal of phillyraeoides forest wood Oto as compared to the core production areas, in Nakatsu village and Oto village near the, it introduced measures of urban residents There product 's pole speaking, it is where it is noted. Technology lore 425 of the charcoal by Yamamura migration of urban residents Table 1 Wakayama Prefecture own settlement measures List municipality name assistance Item assistance Description of Tsumura birth about 1 child ............ ¥ 30,000 support system 2 children ... ......... ¥ 30,000 3 children later ...... ¥ 100,000 industrial development in related Kishu Charcoal built kiln auxiliary ............... 10-300000 yen to support system Kishu charcoal made charcoal lore ...... made charcoal training of technology architecture of place training period: In principle one year to rent system ............... area 1,000 of idle agricultural land rent (annual 11,800 yen / thousand) wage subsidy ...... grant period to the forest union working group members such as: adopted three years after the subsidy rate: 3/10 within Minabegawa village birth about 3 children ............ ¥ 300,000 support system 4 children later ...... ¥ 800,000 Tanabe City employment enrolled in Seki Kishu charcoal succession planning project cost auxiliary gold to support system ... Kishu charcoal new employment who, in Tanabe charcoal production union members to assist in the hope guidance fees to the guidance of Seisumi technology to people. Year ¥ 300,000 large tower village young marriage cash contribution related to marriage (16 to less than 40 years of age) ...... marriage cash contribution ¥ 100,000 support system marriage honorarium ¥ 50,000 3 children ...... ¥ 200,000 related to childbirth support system 4 children ...... 300 000 circle 5 children ...... ¥ 500,000 young people settled incentives on transference (graduates) ................................. ¥ 200,000 support systems young people move in incentives (singles) ... ¥ 200,000 (family) ...... ¥ 250,000 engaged employment enrolled in Seki new farmers ...... year more than 60 days, 10a more than farming, or other support system that is ... those that have been engaged in more than 60 days per year on forestry ¥ 200,000 youth housing measures on housing incentives (16 to less than 40 years) support system construction and purchase (70 or more) ... general ¥ 800,000, ¥ 1,000,000 rural areas extension (more than 50) ............... general ¥ 400,000, rural areas ¥ 500,000 empty shop renovation ........................ general ¥ 400,000, rural areas ¥ 500,000 Note) Wakayama Prefecture Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Department settled Development Division (2003): "Wakayama UJI turn manual" than creating Wakayama Prefecture manufacturing coal region of Zenkokuichi luxury Wakayama Prefecture, which is known as the production area of Kishu charcoal is charcoal, accounting for 8.1 percent of the country in the production volume of the entire charcoal, proud of the production volume of the national third place. 426 Matsuyama University Journal 17 Volume No. 2 charcoal production of Table 2 national top 10 Prefecture (2003) prefecture name charcoal production volume t nationwide ratio hard charcoal black coal t t 1 rock hand 5,070 23.8% 43 (0. 8) 5,027 (99.2) 2 Hokkaido 3,592 16.8 3 (0.1) 3,589 (99.9) 3 Wakayama 1,735 8.1 1,675 (96.5) 60 ( 3.5) 4 mountain pear 1,267 5.9 5 (0.4) 1,262 (99.6) 5 Fukushima 991 4.2 50 (5.5) 861 (94.6) 6 Kochi 831 3.9 520 (62.5) 311 (37.4) 7 bear this 684 3.2 684 (100.0) 8 Tochigi 589 2.7 33 (5.6) 556 (94.4) 9 Miyazaki 579 2.7 473 (81.6) 106 (18.3) 10 Gunma 418 1.9 7 (1.6) 411 (98.3) all countries 21,300 3,782 (17.7%) 17 , 519 (82.3%) Note) The Forestry Agency, due to non - timber forest measures room materials. Of hard charcoal-black coal in () it shows the production ratio. National 1 and 2-position of the Iwate Prefecture and Hokkaido whereas a black coal production area, various prefecture of Wakayama, Kochi, Miyazaki is a production area of hard charcoal, especially Wakayama Prefecture 44.2 percent of the country of hard charcoal accounting for the production, it has gained a reputation as a producer of high-grade charcoal. Charcoal is classified as hard charcoal to produce in black coal and Kama-gai fire fighting to produce kiln in fire fighting from their preparation, but Kishu Charcoal is a representative of hard charcoal. Figure 1 shows the transition of the production volume of hard charcoal of Wakayama Prefecture, according to this, in 1940 it was the golden age of charcoal production (t) 25,000 Changes in Figure 1, Wakayama Prefecture of hard charcoal production (1925 ~ 2002) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 one thousand one hundred and eleven nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine two thousand four hundred fifty-five nine thousand and five 一1,111,199,999,967,888 8,555,678 111,999,899,901 111,999,999,234 1,111,199,999,999,995,678 nine two two two Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes twelve Note) by Wakayama Prefecture special forest products supply and demand dynamics investigation charcoal technology lore 427 by Yamamura migration of city residents have been boasts a production of 24,184t, from 1960 around only receive the tilt of the fuel revolution, in 1975 it was reduced to 8.3% of 2,740t and its heyday, it remained in the subsequent 2,500t or less, and in 2002 has become a 1,632t. Figure 2 production volume of Wakayama Prefecture municipal charcoal (1960) county boundaries Kanaya-cho Nakatsu village municipal boundaries charcoal production volume (15kg bales) 100 thousand bales 50 10 Kawabe-cho Inami-cho Minabegawa village Nakahechi Tanabe Oto Village kozagawa Nachi Katsuura-cho Hikigawa susami 0 20d 428 Matsuyama Journal 17 Volume No. 2 municipal charcoal production volume of Figure 3, Wakayama Prefecture (2003) county boundary municipal boundary black coal hard charcoal Nakatsu village 300T 100 30 10 Kawabe-cho Minabegawa village Inami-cho Tanabe Oto Village Hikigawa susami 0 20d Note) Wakayama Prefecture, special forest products supply and demand dynamics survey created than technology lore 429 of charcoal by Yamamura migration of urban residents 2 fuel revolution earlier in 1960 in Wakayama Prefecture municipal charcoal It shows the distribution of production volume, but according to this manufacturing coal region of Wakayama Prefecture, it can be seen that have been widely deployed in the middle and southern part of the mountain village, Wakayama Prefecture. Although FIG. 3 shows the municipal of charcoal production volume of Wakayama Prefecture in 2003 currently, mainly in Minabegawa Village and Tanabe to excellence of phillyraeoides forests of raw materials, north of the village Nakatsu, south to Oto Village and susami reach and it can be understood that it is not concentrated in Wakayama Prefecture, central mountain village. Kishu charcoal manufacturing charcoal method of (a) Kishu Charcoal characteristics charcoal is a hard charcoal mainly to the phillyraeoides with carbonaceous material, eel, direct heating of fish such as bi fearless, at the optimum fuel to grilled dishes , there are a number of experimental examples For information on the heating effect. Its radiation of a wavelength of 2-6 microns where the radiant energy is measured frequently. The radiation is absorbed by the meat, easily the surface temperature increases, the cured and being less put the inside of the flavor components to the outside in. Protein of the inside of the meat is thermally decomposed, umami component, 1.4 that the amino acid is produced) (b) Kishu charcoal production process [built kiln] production of charcoal, first begins to built kiln. Figure 4 shows the structure of bincho kiln. The plane is a single-shaft, from the kiln opening to smoke Michiguchi enough 2m80m, the height of the carbonization chamber and see a vertical cross-sectional view is Ri 2m extra der, out of about 1t before and after (the two 15 bales to about 60 bales) coal amount of construction of charcoal Sumigama in Photo 1 Minabegawa village Shimanose (March 2004) built with tile and clay, charcoal newcomers kiln (55 years) 430 Matsuyama University Journal 17 Volume No. 2 Figure 4 Kishu structure of bincho kiln Note) Tanabe Economic Department of Agriculture, Forestry Division (1999), "Kishu charcoal of the world" p.10 than reprint Sumigama is common. Sumigama is made on the basis of the experience of each made of charcoal's 1,000 degrees or more and I et al must be endured in seminal to reach the high temperature on the inner wall of stone or brick and covered with clay and are made to. Endurance period of the kiln is short, the ceiling portion 3-4 years, the entire kiln must be re-built in about long and 14 and 15 years. Reconstruction of the kiln, when in had finely crushed the original kiln of soil use to mix the new soil of improving the durability. City charcoal technology lore 431 by Yamamura migration of residents [wood logging and wood manufacturing] raw material for charcoal is primarily a phillyraeoides, as shown in FIG. 5, is distributed widely in the southern mid Wakayama Prefecture. Features of phillyraeoides heavy and hard, and that under-precipitation even floated on water, phillyraeoides of Wakayama Prefecture, widely distributed in coastal areas, inland, there are things that are natural forests and artificial planting. Is the core production areas of charcoal Tanabe Akizugawa and Figure 5 Wakayama Prefecture phillyraeoides forest (in 1996) the remaining in the raw wood forests of coastal wind衡地phillyraeoides sprout forest zone the grown charcoal of phillyraeoides forest area that is 0 20d Note) Shin Goto (1996): by phillyraeoides forest survey. (Kishu charcoal Kumano conference executive committee: "Kishu charcoal of the world") 432 Matsuyama University Journal 17 Volume No. 2 in the Minabegawa village, in the selection forest tailoring as shown in FIG. 9, felling every eight to ten years It is, that had been selective logging three times in about '25, have been made very intensive sprout update. Phillyraeoides forests but raw wood as what kiln worth grilled mountain have been buying and selling, manufacturing charcoal's obligation be from択木management Yamanushi
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